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Consequently, accuracy in the study articles and advancement in science is thought credible whenever study articles are reviewed holistically and prescriptively. As Dawadi and his team noted in 2021, such a critique is essential to establish a solid base for evidence-based practices nationwide. The interpersonal aspects of qualitative research might be easier to explain concerning critical analysis since the frameworks used for analysis are made known.
In the case of Ontario, Canada, job crafting done by the registered nurses practicing public health is analyzed in the research titled “Psychological empowerment and job crafting among registered nurses working in public health” by Harbridge et al., 2023. The main research question is as follows: How is psychological empowerment linked to the nurses’ engagement and algebraic job performance? The study is a cross-sectional quantitative descriptive survey. The population comprises 238 registered nurses. In order to make sure that a subset of the whole population is chosen, the random sampling technique is used. The research compared the work-crafting behaviors and the psychological empowerment of registered nurses solely by using quantitative assessment techniques. An anonymous online survey is employed to obtain all these ratings for anonymity assurance. Therefore, two concepts that have been selected for the prior research are psychological empowerment and job crafting in healthcare. Simple analyses include descriptive analysis, t-tests, Pearson coefficient correlation, multiple regression analysis, hierarchical analysis, and other test analyses on the data collected during the data collection process. Meanwhile, job crafting accounts for the remaining 24% decrease in psychological empowerment, while experience in public health, age, profession, and area is proportionately 26%.
The chosen quantitative method of Spreitzer et al. (2023) enables the proper assessment of the fluctuation of psychological empowerment and work crafting among registered nurses in public health. This makes their study unique (Harbridge et al., 2022). This strategy gives us an all-inclusive view of relationship patterns and possible causal relationships, thus improving the reliability and application value of discovered patterns (Kooij et al., 2021). The study benefits public health organizational approaches, continuing education initiates, and regulation policies through nurses’ accounts (Sun et al., 2022). As relying on quantitative methods ensures statistical stability, it may be too rigid to provide a comprehensive view of the interactions in question (Reid, 2019). The study has low application potential. It is confined to the identified healthcare system only and, secondly, because it is based on registered nurses only (Maden & Alten, 2021).
Even though the research offers useful information to the establishment, we are yet to understand the effect of psychological empowerment on job creation. For healthcare organizations to seriously aspire to increase nurses’ happiness and satisfaction in the workplace, they should consider looking at moderators and mediators (Matsuo, 2019). To optimize the research questions, these uncertainties and knowledge gaps will help enhance the understanding of the relationship between psychological empowerment and healthcare job design.
Ethical practices must be followed in the course of conducting research to ensure that participants’s rights and their well-being are respected, as well as to enhance the credibility and reliability of the study. Failing to take into account the patients’ multiplicity of personalities and stories, it is hard to grasp their experiences within healthcare systems. Secondly, there are ethical issues since the study concerned only RNs in public health (Palazoğlu & Koç, 2019). As a result, it is uncertain if the results are generalizable to other sorts of patients and, therefore, helpful in first-time treatment and policy-making (Mousazadeh et al., 2019).
Indeed, the removal of quantitative performances in the patient’s encounters erases even the ability of the nurses to understand patients’ feelings. The use of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice when research programs involve protecting the patients’ interests (Maden & Alten, 2021). It must advance the interests of the patient, enable patients to make informed choices about their health soon, improve patient health, do no harm, and ensure that patient costs and benefits constitute common property. Since patients’ trust is critical in healthcare, any lack of openness may turn a pursuit into a questionable research project (Spoorthy, 2020).
Therefore, the analysis of the reluctance to be vaccinated under RNs in public health (Harbridge et al., 2022) suggests that it is crucial to compare the results with other groups of patients. As Kooij et al. (2021) pointed out, this concept highlights the ethical imperative that generated research should be generalizable and fair across demographic and healthcare settings. Health care has to be transparent since it is a moral necessity in the patient care setting and the larger healthcare society, as this presupposition suggests.
These are useful areas of working conditions and psychological empowerment of the nurse workforce within the public health RNs (Maden & Alten, 2021). return On the other hand, it provides useful information on how to enhance support in the workplace so as to enhance the engagement, health, and happiness among nurses (Matsuo, 2019). If this is a problem, we can assist the nurses in feeling valued and more accomplished in their profession, hence possibly leading to enhanced patient care (Harbridge et al., 2022). The results of healthcare as a whole may be improved as well (Mousazadeh et al., 2019). There is a dual benefit of the research in terms of its application: it improves nursing practice and healthcare services and expands the body of academic knowledge.
From the quantitative study of the RNs employed in Ontario’s public health sector and their feelings of psychological empowerment and job crafting, Mousazadeh et al. (2019) focused on the given topic. There is confidence in its findings because of its method of data collection: cross-sectional quantitative and a large population (Reid, 2019). More critically, the study establishes a positive relationship between job crafting and psychological empowerment to understand the variables that affect psychological empowerment (Harbridge et al., 2023). In an online survey, Zhang et al. (2023) compared the psychological empowerment and work-creating behaviors of 308 registered nurses statistically. This indeed enhances the generality of the study and brings confidence in the findings. It is noted that the court and recommendations are based on the study done by Zhang et al. (2023). This study was characterized by the use of well-validated measures, a large sample size, and the most adequate statistical analyses.
Some examples of present requirements for HCWs include the following ones: Healthcare workers must have enhanced cultural competency, as discussed by Kaihlanen et al. (2019) in a qualitative study on the views of culturally training nurses. The following will help enhance cultural understanding. Cultural Awareness US’s External Caption: It will increase cultural awareness. Cultural competency training: nursing staff perceptions are the main subject of this research. Since the present study adopted a qualitative research approach, it appears to have employed theories of communication and cultural competence. This study is based on qualitative content analysis, which concerns the possibility of investigating a subject by exploring its opinion. These are the general utility and personal utility, and patient utility are the quantitative qualities of the study variables. Clients in the study are registered and practical nurses working at a particular Finnish primary care hospital. The research strategy used in the study is content analysis and semi-structured interviews. The authors included parameters concerning the general and personal utility of the training and the effect of the training on the cultural sensitivity of patients.
As we have seen, participants’ views are always biased; therefore, content analysis is said to measure at the qualitative level. As a result, the present study adopted a descriptive research approach in order to gain a deeper insight into the views of the nurses. In the present study, six licensed practical nurses and fourteen registered nurses working in different departments of a primary care hospital in Southern Finland are participating. The sample of twenty persons was recruited through purposive sampling with regard to their work experience within the context of the research. Focus question: Identifying the general perceptions towards and patient relation to perceptions of cultural competence training: methods of data collection Employing qualitative content analysis and semi-structured small-group interviews, the methodology of data collection is adopted to capture the nurses’ perceptions of the general, personal, and patient worth of cultural competence training.
The research study by Oikarainen et al. (2019) about cultural competency training in nursing research has a qualitative design that provides a close view of the concerned nurses. This allows us to learn about the topic being assessed within other subjects and the difficulties in cultivating cultural sensitivity. The publication in BioMed Central Nursing that guarantees credibility and strict compliance with this work’s scientific paradigmatic and methodological provisions is evidence of this (Young & Guo, 2020). According to Shepherd et al. (2019), this appendix of qualitative research methods might inhibit the opportunity to generalize the study to other healthcare organizations or other working professions, which might make the study relevant and more beneficial to the cultural insight of the nurses only. The use of qualitative perspective in the design is useful for capturing and portraying the feelings and experiences of participants, yet it poses several biases in the study’s analysis and findings. Second, the special focus of the design, although beneficial, narrows down the scope of the research. It may be possible to eliminate these drawbacks, enhance the study’s relevance, and advance the knowledge concerning some contentious questions regarding cultural sensibility for the training of nurses.
There is a considerable gap of information that needs to be addressed concerning the qualitatively derived generalizations of the study. If we wish to apply our learning more broadly, we need to understand how nurses perceive cultural competence training and how this may differ in diverse healthcare contexts (Shepherd et al., 2019). Furthermore, the use of the qualitative approach brings into the study the issue of subjectivity, meaning that there is a need for full disclosure of data that demonstrate the participants’ characteristics and certain clinical scenarios.
The rights, well-being, and self-determination of the research participants must always be protected, and the necessary ethnical guidelines must be met to ensure a trustworthy, open, and honest approach. By maintaining fairness, secrecy, and informed permission norms, the researchers enhance their position and personal moral ethic feelings. Zarei et al. (2019) argue that ethical standards are an essential aspect of protective measures for participants who are undergoing a research study. Against the principle of autonomy, individuals should be free to choose or refuse to be involved in research after having been informed. The concept of beneficence dictates that the patient in the particular case will benefit from the result of the research conducted in terms of maximum benefit with minimum risk. Ethical behavior is a prerequisite and a useful practice in creating the specialized knowledge needed for the projects as per the non-maleficence principle, which avoids causing harm to any subject (Oikarainen et al., 2019).
Ethical issues relevant to human participants in quantitative research that directly affect the notion of informed consent, confidentiality, and protection against damage are highlighted in this paper. Autonomy can be illustrated by research involving human subjects in which they later participate willingly after understanding the nature of the activities, the chances of incurring some harm, as well as the likelihood of reaping certain benefits. Pursuant to Sharifi et al. (2019), the benefits of research refer to situations where research is well planned and executed, and the researcher actively engages in making sure that participants have good end results. The patient does not experience possible harm from the researcher through volitional non-malevolence, which is underpinned by the principle of not harming research with patients.
Concerning the development of quantitative studies on the importance of cultural competence training for healthcare workers and its relevance to nursing practice, the study issue is of considerable significance. Because nurses serve as the direct caregivers for a population that they are witnessing an increase in diversity, their perceptions of cultural competence training are relevant. In the view of Shepherd et al. (2019), this deals with the challenge of providing the highest quality of treatment for patients of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In their article published in 2019, Kaihlanen and colleagues stated that this study could significantly contribute to improving healthcare by increasing and adjusting the cultural competencies of the training of workers by focusing on the experiences of nurses. The given experience with the opportunity to explain the specifics of cultural characteristics has the possibility to positively influence both patients and nurses regarding a deeper understanding of the different cultures of their counterparts.
In the study conducted by Kaihlanen et al. (2019), the nurses’ perceptions towards cultural competence training are assessed. By means of qualitative content analysis and semi-structured small group interviews, the researchers group the topics into patient, personal, and general usefulness. The results are supported by a highly structured quantitative method, which employs a specific number of patients and an organized approach. Semi-structured interviews that captured cultural competence were also incorporated as well as methods aimed at improving the authenticity, accuracy, and consistency of the data collected, which included member validation and cross-sectional verification. And still, in this case, the results are even more transferable because of the use of a purposeful sampling technique that builds experiences. The elements of the study would create a strong design for culturally competent healthcare training in industry standards due to the focus on enhancing the culture-related characteristics of the healthcare practitioners, using interactive training, and evaluating the effectiveness of the training technique.
The quantitative study of causal relations may be secondary because the overall enhancement of the healthcare system and the precise definition of cultural competence training for nurses are needed for this qualitative research. Although a lot of information is gained through a qualitative approach, some relevance issues, such as transparency and possible bias in the interpretation of data, are observed. This quantitative research question is: To what extent can the RNs’ work crafting contribute to their psychological empowerment? all thanks to a methodical investigation of the aforementioned relationship.
Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-Methods research: A discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25–36. https://oro.open.ac.uk/75449/
Harbridge, R., Ivanitskaya, L., Spreitzer, G., & Boscart, V. (2022). Job crafting in registered nurses working in public health: A qualitative study. Applied Nursing Research, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151556
Harbridge, R., Ivanitskaya, L., Spreitzer, G., & Boscart, V. (2023). Psychological empowerment and job crafting among registered nurses working in public health: A quantitative study. Applied Nursing Research, 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151649
Kaihlanen, A.-M., Hietapakka, L., & Heponiemi, T. (2019). Increasing cultural awareness: Qualitative study of nurses’ perceptions about cultural competence training. BioMed Central Nursing, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0363-x
Kooij, D. T. A. M., De Lange, A. H., & Van De Voorde, K. (2021). Stimulating job crafting behaviors of older workers: The influence of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices and psychological empowerment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2021.1899161
Maden, C., & Alten, O. (2021). Expansion-oriented job crafting and employee performance: A self-empowerment perspective. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.10.012
Matsuo, M. (2019). Personal growth initiative as a predictor of psychological empowerment: The mediating role of job crafting. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21347
Mousazadeh, S., Yektatalab, S., Momennasab, M., & Parvizy, S. (2019). Job satisfaction challenges of nurses in the intensive care unit: A qualitative study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 12, 233–242. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s218112
Oikarainen, A., Mikkonen, K., Kenny, A., Tomietto, M., Tuomikoski, A.-M., Meriläinen, M., Miettunen, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2019). Educational interventions designed to develop nurses’ cultural competence: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 98, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.005
Palazoğlu, C. A., & Koç, Z. (2019). Ethical sensitivity, burnout, and job satisfaction in emergency nurses. Nursing Ethics, 26(3), 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017720846
Reid, B. (2019, August 21). An exploratory study examining the impact of job crafting and the factors which influence crafting leading to the benefits or/and drawbacks to the individual and organisation. Norma.ncirl.ie. https://norma.ncirl.ie/id/eprint/3965
Sharifi, N., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Najafi, M. (2019). Cultural competence in nursing: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 99(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103386
Shepherd, S. M., Willis-Esqueda, C., Newton, D., Sivasubramaniam, D., & Paradies, Y. (2019). The challenge of cultural competence in the workplace: Perspectives of healthcare providers. BioMed Central Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–11. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3959-7
Spoorthy, M. S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
Sun, R., Yang, H. M., Chau, C. T. J., Cheong, I. S., & Wu, A. M. S. (2022). Psychological empowerment, work addiction, and burnout among mental health professionals. Current Psychology, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03663-1
Young, S., & Guo, K. L. (2020). Cultural diversity training: The necessity of cultural competence for health care providers and in nursing practice. The Health Care Manager, 39(2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/hcm.0000000000000294
Zarei, B., Salmabadi, M., Amirabadizadeh, A., & Vagharseyyedin, S. A. (2019). Empathy and cultural competence in clinical nurses: A structural equation modelling approach. Nursing Ethics, 26(7-8), 2113–2123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018824794
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