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WGU NURS5204 D027 Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations - Heart Disease

Pathophysiology
Heart disease remains the leading cause of mortality in both the United States and across the globe. It encompasses various types, including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, pericardial disease, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart conditions. Among these, coronary artery disease is the most prevalent, directly impacting the heart’s blood flow. Several risk factors contribute to heart disease, including high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity or excess weight, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Clinical Manifestations
Often referred to as the “silent killer,” heart disease frequently develops without noticeable symptoms. When present, clinical signs may include chest pain or discomfort, weakness, dizziness, pain or discomfort radiating to the arms, and shortness of breath.

Diagnostics
Several diagnostic tools are employed to detect heart disease. An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a quick test that records the heart’s electrical activity, identifying any abnormal rhythms. A Holter monitor, worn continuously for 24 to 72 hours, helps detect rhythm issues that might not appear on an EKG. Stress tests, which raise the heart rate through exercise or medication, assess the heart’s response under strain, often paired with imaging for detailed evaluation. Cardiac catheterization involves inserting a catheter to measure pressures within the heart chambers. Additionally, advanced imaging techniques like CT scans and MRIs provide comprehensive and detailed views of the heart.

Treatment
Effective management of heart disease often begins with lifestyle adjustments. Key changes include adopting a low-fat, low-sodium diet, engaging in at least 30 minutes of daily exercise, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol intake. Medications also play a crucial role in treatment. For instance, Eliquis acts as a blood thinner, Aspirin prevents platelet aggregation, Lisinopril aids in easing blood flow through vessels, Metoprolol helps control heart rate, and Losartan works to manage blood pressure. Additional strategies include regular monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as effective diabetes management to minimize risks associated with heart disease.

Resources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Heart disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/about.htm
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Heart disease. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124

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